How do substitutions work?

FIH Rule 2.3 (2027):

• Unlimited: any number of players at once, and any player can go off and come back as often as you like.
• When: at any time, except from the award of a penalty corner until it's completed. During that period only an injured or suspended defending goalkeeper may be replaced. If another corner is awarded before the first is completed, wait until the retaken corner is completed.
• Where: players leave and enter within 3 m of the centre-line on the team bench side.
• Order: the substitute may only come on after the player being replaced has left the field.
• Time isn't stopped for substitutions, except that a team may ask for time to be stopped for a goalkeeper substitution. Time isn't extended for putting on or taking off kit.
• Suspended players: no substitute during a suspension. Once it's over, the player may be substituted without first returning to the field. Otherwise they return within 3 m of the centre-line.

The captain is responsible for substitutions being carried out correctly.