How do substitutions work now, including for goalkeepers, and what if a team has too many players on?

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Team (FIH Terminology and Rule 2): up to 16 people: 11 on the field and up to 5 substitutes, unless regulations vary it. Each team plays with a goalkeeper (different-coloured shirt, at least headgear, leg guards and kickers) or with field players only. Substitutions (Rule 2.3): Unlimited, any number at once, at any time, except from the award of a penalty corner until it's completed. During a corner, only an injured or suspended defending goalkeeper may be substituted (by another goalkeeper or a field player). The player leaving must be off the field first. Players leave and enter within 3 m of the centre-line on the team bench side. No substitute for a suspended player during the suspension. After it, the player may be substituted without returning first. Time isn't stopped for substitutions. Goalkeeper substitutions (revised for 2027): Time no longer has to be stopped. A goalkeeper may leave during play and be replaced, including by a field player, through the substitution area like anyone else. A team may still ask for time to be stopped for a goalkeeper substitution (and regulations may require that request). Time isn't extended for putting on or taking off kit. Only when time is stopped may a goalkeeper replaced by a field player leave near their own goal, and they must go straight to the team bench. Too many players (Rule 2.1): Stop time to correct it. If it materially affected the match, the captain must get a yellow card. Decisions already made can't be changed once play has restarted. Restart with a free hit to the opponents, unless a penalty had just been awarded against the offending team. Injured or bleeding players (2.7) must leave the field (unless medically unsafe) and can't return until wounds are covered and blood-stained clothing is changed.