What is the difference between a free pass and a penalty pass, and where is each taken?

• Free pass: awarded for minor infringements, taken where the infringement occurred. A player taking a free pass may not shoot for goal.
• Penalty pass: awarded for major infringements, taken where the infringer was standing, unless that places the non-infringing team at a disadvantage, in which case it is taken where the infringed player was standing. The infringer must stand out of play beside but away from the passer, and not move or take any part (including verbal comments) until the ball is released. A Goal Shooter or Goal Attack taking a penalty pass in the goal circle may pass or shoot.
• Throw-in: awarded when the ball goes out of court, taken where it went out.
• Possession: an action awarded after simultaneous or mutual infringements, taken where the ball was when play stopped.

If an opposing player obstructs or contacts the player taking a penalty pass before the ball is released, the penalty pass is taken where that second infringer was standing and all infringers stand out of play. If the original infringer takes part before the ball is released, a further penalty pass is awarded, which may be advanced.

Source: Rules of Netball 2024, Rule 6.