How does the penalty box work, and where do age-groupers serve penalties?

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Where age-groupers serve time penalties (World Triathlon rule 3.3 b): Infringement during Served Start or swim T1, at the athlete's spot T1 or T2 On the spot Bike (including drafting and blocking) Next bike penalty box Run Warning, or time penalty on the spot Lengths (rule 3.3 e): Distance Drafting Other Long 3 min 1 min Middle 2 min 30 s Standard 1 min 15 s Sprint 30 s 10 s Shorter than sprint 30 s 5 s Running the bike penalty box (rule 3.5 d): Numbers aren't posted. It is the athlete's responsibility to stop at the next box after being notified. The athlete enters, dismounts, and tells you their number, how many penalties they have and the colour of card(s) received. Start timing once they have done all that, and say "Go" when the time is up. If they leave the area, call them back and pause the count. They may only eat or drink what is on their bike or person. No toilet use (the time pauses if they go) and no adjustments or maintenance on the bike. For PTWC athletes, the count starts once they are totally stopped. Penalty in T1 (rule 3.5 c): hold up a yellow card at the athlete's spot. They must stop without touching their kit. Pause the count if they touch it, and say "Go" when it is done. On the spot (rule 3.5 f): hold a yellow card in front of the athlete and have them stop safely at the side. Pause the count if they move forward. An athlete who fails to stop for a drafting penalty is disqualified.

Infringement during	Served
Start or swim	T1, at the athlete's spot
T1 or T2	On the spot
Bike (including drafting and blocking)	Next bike penalty box
Run	Warning, or time penalty on the spot

Distance	Drafting	Other
Long	3 min	1 min
Middle	2 min	30 s
Standard	1 min	15 s
Sprint	30 s	10 s
Shorter than sprint	30 s	5 s