How do courtesy runners, designated hitters, automatic outs and other local rules affect scoring?

Leagues may adopt rules not covered by the Official Baseball Rules to suit local conditions such as time limits, player numbers or age and skill levels. They are set in the league's by-laws, state playing rules or tournament rules, and they can change individual and team statistics. The guide lists courtesy or designated runners, tenth (extra) batters, automatic outs, innings countback, the mercy rule and a maximum runs per inning (for example 6 across the plate).

• Courtesy runner (for the catcher): not a pinch runner substitution. The runner gets no participation or base-running statistics, even if he steals a base: the stats go to the catcher.
• Designated runner: gets participation and base-running statistics.
• Automatic out: a team with only 8 players may play with 8 batters and fielders rather than forfeit, and is given an automatic out when the 9th batter is due up. Score it as AO with the out number in the circle; it is just an out and no statistics apply.
• Designated hitter: where a league lets a DH bat for the starting pitcher and all subsequent pitchers, write DH in the batting order with DH in the Pos column. Write the pitcher on the lines after the 9th batter so his fielding statistics count in the team totals, and also enter him in the pitchers' section.