What is an exclusion foul, and when can the excluded player come back?

An exclusion foul is punished by a free throw to the opposing team and the exclusion of the offending player. Examples:

• Interfering with a free throw, goal throw or corner throw (for example throwing the ball away or trying to play it before it leaves the thrower's hand).
• Blocking a pass or shot with two hands outside the 6 metre area.
• Intentionally splashing an opponent in the face.
• Impeding, holding, sinking or pulling back an opponent who is not holding the ball, or using two hands to hold such an opponent.
• A tactical foul: a defender fouling the player in possession to stop the flow of an attack.
• Disproportionate movements, including kicking and striking.
• Misconduct and violent action (see the separate question).

The excluded player moves to the exclusion re-entry area nearest their own goal line without interfering with play. The player or a substitute may re-enter at the earliest of: 18 seconds of actual play elapsing, a goal being scored, the excluded player's team regaining possession, or their team being awarded a free throw, goal throw or penalty throw. They may not jump or push off from the side or wall, or affect the alignment of the goal.

Source: World Aquatics Competition Regulations Part Six, Articles 9.1 to 9.12, edition in force from 25 June 2025 (the 18 seconds replaced 15 seconds in that edition).