Where do line judges stand, and what do they signal?

Position (Rule 29.1):

• With two line judges: they stand at the corners of the court nearest each referee's right hand, diagonally 1 to 2 m from the corner. Each controls both the end line and the side line on their side.
• With four line judges (FIVB, World and Official competitions): they stand in the free zone 1 to 3 m from each corner, on the imaginary extension of the line they control.

What they signal (Rule 29.2), using 40 x 40 cm flags:

• ball "in" or "out" whenever it lands near their line(s);
• touches of "out" balls by the team receiving the ball;
• the ball touching the antenna, or the serve or the team's 2nd or 3rd hit crossing the net outside the crossing space;
• any player other than the server standing outside their court at the moment of the serve;
• the server's foot faults;
• any player contact with the top 80 cm of the antenna on their side while playing the ball or interfering with play;
• the ball crossing the net outside the crossing space into the opponent's court, or touching the antenna on their side.

A line judge must repeat the signal if the 1st referee asks. Line judges use the official flag signals and hold each signal for a moment (Rule 30.2). Only the 1st and 2nd referees may blow a whistle.