What do line judges signal, and what are the flag signals?

From the FIVB Rules 2025-2028 (Rules 29 and 30.2, Diagram 12). Line judges use 40 x 40 cm flags. If only two line judges are used, they stand at the corners of the court closest to the right hand of each referee, diagonally 1 to 2 m from the corner, and each controls both the end line and the side line on their side. At the 2026 VA championships the duty team provides two line judges, who must remain standing throughout the match.

What they signal:

• the ball "in" and "out" when it lands near their line
• touches of "out" balls by the team receiving the ball
• the ball touching the antenna, and the served ball or the 2nd or 3rd hit of a team crossing the net outside the crossing space
• any player (except the server) stepping outside their court at the service hit, and the server's foot faults
• any contact with the top 80 cm of the antenna on their side by a player playing the ball or interfering with play

Flag signals:

1. Ball "in": point down with the flag.
2. Ball "out": raise the flag vertically.
3. Ball touched: raise the flag and touch the top with the palm of the free hand.
4. Crossing space fault, ball touched an outside object, or foot fault by any player during service: wave the flag over the head and point to the antenna or the respective line.

The signal must be held for a moment, and at the 1st referee's request a line judge must repeat the signal.