What are exclusion fouls?

An exclusion foul sends the player out (normally for 18 seconds of play) and gives the other team a free throw (World Aquatics rules, Part Six, Article 10). They include:

• Interfering with a free throw, goal throw or corner throw: touching or pushing the thrower, not releasing the ball, playing the ball before it leaves the thrower's hand, or not moving 1 m away from the ball (or raising an arm to block before you're 1 m away).
• Blocking a pass or shot with two hands outside your own 6 m area.
• Splashing water in an opponent's face on purpose.
• Impeding an opponent who is dribbling or not holding the ball, for example climbing on their shoulders, back or legs, holding, sinking or pulling them back, or a defender swimming fully underwater to gain position.
• A tactical foul: a foul made mainly to stop the other team's attack.
• A disproportionate movement: any movement intended to kick or strike, even without contact.
• Misconduct or violent action (these exclude you for the rest of the match).
• At a penalty throw, not taking or leaving the correct position after a warning.

Each one is recorded as a personal foul.