How do kick-offs, restarts and the ball going into touch work?

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Kick-off: a place kick from the centre of the halfway line starts the match, restarts it after half time and restarts it after points are scored. Kick-off into touch: if the ball goes into touch other than on the full, having travelled the required 10 metres, the game restarts with a handover to the kicking team 10 metres in from where the ball crossed the touch line. A penalty goes to the non-kicking team at the centre of halfway if the ball is kicked out on the full. 20 metre restart: an optional kick from the centre of the 20 metre line applies if an attacking player last touches the ball before it goes over the dead ball line or into touch in-goal (other than from a penalty kick or the halfway kick-off), or if a defending player catches the ball on the full from a kick in general play in their own in-goal. Goal line drop-out: a defending player drops out from the centre of their goal line if, for example, a defending player last touches the ball before it goes over the dead ball line or into touch in-goal, touches down in-goal, or is tagged in possession in-goal. Ball kicked into touch on the full in general play: a play-the-ball occurs where contact with the ball was made, but not nearer than 10 metres from the touch line or the goal line. Kicks at the kick-off and drop-out: a player is penalised for wilfully touching the ball before it has travelled 10 metres, running in front of a teammate who is kicking off or dropping out, or approaching within 10 metres of an opponent who is kicking off or dropping out. Source: NRL League Tag Laws of the Game (Official 2018), International League Tag Laws sections 6, 9 and 10.